The Kinsey Scale was created by pioneering sex researcher Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues Wardell Pomeroy and Clyde Martin, who called it the Heterosexual-hom*osexual Rating Scale. It was first introduced in their book Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948.
Although it has a number of limitations, the Kinsey Scale was groundbreaking when it was initially published because it was the first scientific scale to suggest that human sexuality and sexual attraction are a continuum and not limited to solely heterosexual or hom*osexual orientations.
This article discusses the origins of the Kinsey scale, what the scale tells you, and how it works. It also explains the limitations of the scale and its impact on the study of human sexual orientation.
What Determines Sexual Attraction, Exactly?
Origins of the Kinsey Scale
Kinsey, a biologist, and his team studied human sexual behavior, preferences, thoughts, and feelings by interviewing thousands of people, with Kinsey alone conducting 8,000 interviews.
Kinsey found that 37% of the men he interviewed had a same-sex experience sometime between adolescence and old age, a rate that jumped to 50% for unmarried men by the age of 35.
Meanwhile, of the women he interviewed, 13% had a same-sex experience. This research made it clear that human sexuality couldn't be defined as exclusively heterosexual, hom*osexual, or bisexual.
As a result, Kinsey and his colleagues created the Kinsey Scale, which classifies people into eight categories that represent a spectrum of human sexual orientation.
What Does It Mean to Be Bi-Curious?
How the Kinsey Scale Works
The Kinsey Scale ranges from 0 to 6 and includes an additional category labeled "X." Here are the various ratings and their definitions:
- 0: Exclusively opposite sex/heterosexual behavior or attraction
- 1: Predominantly heterosexual, but slightly inclined to be attracted to the same sex or engage in hom*osexual behavior
- 2: Predominantly heterosexual, but more than slightly inclined to be attracted to the same sex or engage in hom*osexual behavior
- 3: Equally heterosexual and hom*osexual behavior or attraction
- 4: Predominantly hom*osexual, but more than slightly inclined to be attracted to the opposite sex or engage in heterosexual behavior
- 5: Predominantly hom*osexual, but slightly inclined to be attracted to the opposite sex or engage in heterosexual behavior
- 6: Exclusively same-sex/hom*osexual behavior or attraction
- X: No socio-sexual contacts or reaction/asexual
Kinsey and his colleagues used the scale to categorize the individuals they interviewed. Consequently, no official Kinsey "test" exists to go with the scale, even though such tests have been created by others and many can be found online.
Using the Kinsey Scale
Instead, to use the Kinsey Scale, you simply assign yourself to the category that best defines you. However, the Scale has many limitations that may make it impossible to feel if one of the categories accurately sums up your sexual preferences.
In addition, sexuality often changes over time, so even if you assign yourself a category on the Scale now, you may find another category that fits you better in the future.
What to Know About Sexual Orientation
Limitations of the Kinsey Scale
While the Kinsey Scale changed perceptions of human sexuality, it didn't fully capture the complexity and nuance of sexual behavior and attraction. Based on current understandings of sexuality, the scale is limited by the following listed below.
It Doesn't Account for All Sexualities
The entirety of human sexuality isn't encompassed by the Scale's heterosexual, hom*osexual, bisexual, and asexual categories. Today, people identify as pansexual, demisexual, and many other orientations that make up a rich tapestry of sexual behavior and attraction.
It Assumes Heterosexuality and hom*osexuality Are Opposites
The Kinsey Scale is structured so that hom*osexuality and heterosexuality are inversely related. Thus, according to the Scale, the more someone identifies as heterosexual, the less they identify as hom*osexual and vice versa.
However, studies show opposite-sex and same-sex attraction are not related to one another but are experienced separately. As a result, hom*osexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexuality should be considered independent constructs.
It Conflates Sexual Behavior and Attraction
The Scale categorizes people based on sexual behavior and attraction, but these are two different things that often don't correspond.
For example, a man might be attracted to both men and women but only engage in sexual behavior with women.
Moreover, the Scale doesn't account for a third category: sexual identity, or the label an individual uses for their sexual orientation. For instance, the man in the above example may refer to himself as heterosexual, even though he clearly experiences some hom*osexual attraction.
Ultimately, his sexual behavior, attraction, and identity don't match up and therefore can't be accurately captured by the categories on the Kinsey Scale.
It Assumes Gender Is Binary
The Scale also works off the assumption that people identify as either men or women, while completely overlooking the existence of trans, intersex, or other gender identities, further limiting who the Scale can be applied to.
Impact of the Kinsey Scale and Alternative Scales
Despite its limitations, the Kinsey Scale has been highly influential. When it initially came out in 1948, hom*osexuality was outlawed in every state in America due to sodomy laws and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual included hom*osexuality as a mental health disorder.
Kinsey introduced an entirely new way of thinking about sexuality and what's "normal" into this environment, paving the way for further research and changing perceptions about hom*osexuality and the range of human sexual experiences.
It Birthed New Scales
Today, there are more than 200 scales that measure sexual orientation. Two that provide a more comprehensive picture of human sexuality, specifically mentioned by the Kinsey Institute, are the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and the Storms Sexuality Axis.
- The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid was created by Fritz Klein in 1978. It includes seven items, including sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual fantasies. For each item, respondents rate their preferences at three points in time: past, present, and ideal.
- The Storms Sexuality Axis was created by Michael D. Storms in 1980. It plots sexual orientation along an X-Y axis that expands on Kinsey's ideas about attraction to the same or the opposite sex while also considering more categories of asexuality and bisexuality.
According to a 2012 study, the Kinsey Scale has found new life online despite the proliferation of more inclusive scales. For those questioning their sexual identity, the versions of the Kinsey Scale that are available across the internet help them better understand and explore their sexuality.
The study concluded that for those attempting to define their sexual identity beyond hom*osexual, heterosexual, and bisexual orientations, the Scale helps expand their ideas of how they can define themselves. The Scaler also enables them to choose different placements on the Scale over time as their understanding of their sexual identity shifts.
In addition, the online forums associated with these scales offer an opportunity to discuss their perceptions of their sexuality and find affirmation as they decide which sexual identity fits them best.
